One influential model is Seligman’s PERMA framework, which outlines five elements of well-being: Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. According to this model, true happiness arises when these components are present in balance. For example, someone may feel positive emotions from hobbies, deep engagement at work, supportive relationships, a sense of purpose, and satisfaction from achievements.
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Psychological research has identified several consistent predictors of happiness. Social connections are among the strongest—people with close, supportive relationships tend to report higher well-being. Gratitude, optimism, and acts of kindness also enhance happiness. Importantly, research shows that happiness is less dependent on external circumstances, such as wealth, than many assume. Beyond a certain level of financial security, additional income contributes little to long-term well-being.
Biological and genetic factors also influence happiness. Twin studies suggest that about 40–50% of happiness is heritable, while circumstances account for about 10%, and intentional activities—such as mindset and habits—make up the rest. This means individuals have significant power to shape their own well-being through practices like mindfulness, physical activity, gratitude journaling, and nurturing relationships.
