Early experiences also shape personality traits. Studies show that parental warmth, responsiveness, and discipline styles influence the development of traits such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability. Harsh or inconsistent parenting, neglect, or trauma can increase risks for anxiety, aggression, or impulsivity.
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Childhood adversity, such as abuse, poverty, or neglect, has been linked to long-term health outcomes through the concept of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Research indicates that individuals with multiple ACEs are more likely to experience mental health problems, substance abuse, and even physical illnesses later in life. These findings underscore the profound impact of early stress on brain development, emotional regulation, and resilience.
However, childhood is not destiny. Many individuals who face adversity demonstrate remarkable resilience, often thanks to protective factors such as supportive relationships, community resources, or innate temperament. Psychology emphasizes the concept of “plasticity”—the idea that personality and coping styles can change throughout life, especially when individuals receive support, therapy, or new opportunities.
