Another influential theory is self-determination theory (SDT), developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. SDT distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation arises from internal desires, such as curiosity, enjoyment, or personal growth. Extrinsic motivation comes from external factors like rewards, money, or social approval. Research suggests that intrinsic motivation is more powerful and enduring, while overreliance on extrinsic rewards can sometimes undermine natural curiosity and creativity.
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Cognitive theories of motivation highlight the role of expectations and beliefs. For example, expectancy-value theory suggests that individuals are motivated when they believe they can succeed at a task (expectancy) and when they value the outcome. This explains why students may work hard in a subject they feel confident in but disengage in areas where they doubt their abilities. Similarly, attribution theory explores how people explain successes and failures—those who attribute success to effort are often more motivated than those who see it as the result of luck.
Biological and neurological perspectives also play a role. The brain’s reward system, involving neurotransmitters like dopamine, influences motivation by reinforcing behaviors that bring pleasure or satisfaction. This explains why habits can be difficult to break—the brain associates certain actions with rewards, even if they are harmful.
